Exploring the 1991 Honda Civic: Design, Specs, and Impact

Intro

The 1991 Honda Civic represents a pivotal moment in automotive history. This compact car gained popularity for its exceptional engineering, practical design, and the ability to adapt to changing consumer needs. Understanding this model is essential not just for car enthusiasts but also for potential buyers who are exploring the second-hand market.

The chapter provides essential insight into the automotive landscape of the early 1990s. From the engine specifications to fuel efficiency and technological advancements, this exploration seeks to cover all facets of the 1991 Civic in a manner both engaging and informative.

Vehicle Review and Assessment

Overview of Specifications

The 1991 Honda Civic was offered in various trims including the CX, DX, and EX, each tailored for specific buyer preferences. The standard engine was a 1.5-liter inline-four, delivering around 92 horsepower. Moreover, this model came with a choice of either a 5-speed manual or a 4-speed automatic transmission. Such flexibility in transmission options catered to different driving styles and preference.

Performance Metrics

Performance has always been a focal point for Honda. The 1991 Civic could go from 0 to 60 mph in about 9.5 seconds, which was impressive for its class. The lightweight construction of about 2,500 pounds made it nimble on city roads while remaining stable during highway driving.

Interior Features and Comfort

Despite being a compact car, the 1991 Civic offered considerable interior space. With ample legroom and headroom, passengers enjoyed a comfortable experience. The dashboard layout was straightforward, allowing easier navigation of controls. Optional features like air conditioning and a sunroof enhanced the overall enjoyment for occupants.

Safety Ratings and Features

In terms of safety, the 1991 Civic was equipped with features like side-impact protection and an available driver-side airbag. Although the automotive industry was still evolving in safety measures during the 1990s, the Civic aimed for enhanced security for its passengers.

Fuel Efficiency and Environmental Impact

One of the standout aspects of the 1991 Honda Civic was its fuel efficiency. With an EPA rating of around 29 city and 34 highway mpg, it was very economical, making it appealing for budget-conscious buyers. The introduction of technology like low emissions also addressed concerns about environmental impact, signaling Honda's forward-thinking efforts.

Test Drive Experience

Driving Dynamics and Handling

A test drive of the 1991 Honda Civic is often marked by its engaging dynamics. The steering felt responsive and allowed for excellent maneuverability, making it fun to drive on winding roads. The suspension system absorbed bumps with ease, demonstrating solid engineering.

Comfort and Ergonomics

From a comfort standpoint, you'll notice how the materials used in the interior reflected a blend of functionality and aesthetic. The seats provided decent support for longer trips. Ergonomically, controls were positioned well for user access and experience.

Noise and Vibration Levels

Noise and vibration was generally well managed; this model offered a reasonably quiet cabin compared to other cars in its segment. Drive on the highway and it can track efficiently without much disturbance.

Performance in Varying Conditions

Real-world usability shined through whether driving in urban environments or smaller country roads. Its small size aided parking and quick navigation through traffic.

Real-world Usability

This car excelled as a daily driver. With reasonable maintenance costs and reliability, it's an attractive option for those also considering vehicle modifications. Owners found a balance between city driving and occasional longer trips to be quite manageable with superb fuel-saving features.

A Closing Note

The in-depth examination of the 1991 Honda Civic reveals numerous compelling aspects that illustrative of its success and legacy. The blend of performance, design, and efficiency makes it much more than just a vehicle; it represents a chapter in Honda’s history that continues to influence automotive engineering today. Whether for enthusiasts or practical buyers, this model still generates interest due to its historical and practical relevance in today’s marketplace.

Intro to the Honda Civic

The 1991 Honda Civic represents a pivotal moment in modern automotive history. It blends efficient design, engineering innovation, and consumer friendliness. This article seeks to illuminate multiple aspects of the 1991 Civic, exploring why it holds a significant place in both Honda's lineup and automotive culture as a whole.

Through a deep dive into its historical context and profound significance within Honda's offerings, we can better appreciate the Civic’s legacy. Understanding its dual purposes—a reliable transportation option and a canvas for automotive modification—becomes essential for comprehending its widespread popularity. Delving into these areas provides valuable insights for enthusiasts and potential buyers alike, making this exploration particularly relevant in today’s market.

Historical Context

The late 1980s and early 1990s marked a notable shift in the automotive landscape. Rising fuel prices and an increasing demand for compact, economical vehicles brought new competitors to the forefront. The Honda Civic, having already established itself firmly in the compact car segment, faced evolving consumer expectations.

In 1991, the Civic entered its fourth generation, which was developed to be lighter and nimbler than its predecessors. It introduced a range of innovations that helped to differentiate it from other vehicles. Models came with notable updates, including improved aerodynamics and greater attention to emissions, aligning with changing regulatory demands. These factors collectively paved the way for a more refined and efficient vehicle that still catered to consumers looking for affordability.

Significance within Honda's Lineup

As one of Honda's flagship models, the 1991 Civic played a significant role in the brand's overall strategy. It was one of the best-selling vehicles globally, which helped Honda establish a strong market presence. The compact design married performance with economy, making it attractive across different demographics.

The various trims offered a wide range of options for both the utilitarian buyer and the performance enthusiast. From the basic DX to the sportier Si model, the Civic catered to specific needs and preferences effectively.

Magnificent An In-Depth Exploration of the 1991 Honda Civic

"The 1991 Honda Civic stands as a benchmark against which many vehicles in its category are measured, showcasing the balance between affordability, performance, and practicality."

Notably, its reputation for durability and reliability further solidified Honda's standing in the industry. The Civic also played a critical role in informing subsequent Honda models, inspiring design and technological decisions that echo even today. Overall, it was not merely a car; it set standards across the segment, forming part of Honda's strategic identity and influence.

Design Features

The design features of the 1991 Honda Civic reflect both practicality and style. These elements can greatly affect user experience and attract a specific demographic of car buyers. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Honda sought to create a model that was not only functional but visually appealing. This balance of utility and aesthetics provides insight into Honda's approach and ethos during this era.

Exterior Design

The exterior of the 1991 Honda Civic exemplifies smart design principles for its time. With sharp lines and a sleek profile, this model presents a modern appearance. The body style varies among the hatchback, sedan, and coupe variants, catering to different preferences.

The use of streamlined headlights contributes to improved aerodynamics, impacting fuel efficiency. The rear has well-defined taillights that provide not only style but also functional visibility.

Chromed accents and great stance give it an edge against potential competitors, making it an attractive option in the compact segment. The practical size allows urban drivers to maneuver through tight spaces, embodying both form and functionality. Every aspect of the exterior design invites potential buyers to appreciate Honda's efforts in blending innovation with practicality.

Interior Layout and Comfort

The interior design of the 1991 Honda Civic emphasizes user comfort and accessibility. The seating layout comfortably accommodates five passengers while offering ample legroom and headspace. Materials used in the cabin provide a balance between durability and softness, although they may not exude luxury. However, the overall vibe maintains a clean and cohesive look that feels well thought out.

A user-friendly dashboard positions gauges and controls for easy reach and monitoring. Centralized controls for air conditioning, stereo, and ventilation ensure smoother daily commutes. Despite the compact size, the storage compartments offer sufficient space for personal items, enhancing overall convenience.

Technical Specifications

Understanding the technical specifications of the 1991 Honda Civic is crucial for grasping its overall performance, design, and reputation within the car market. These specifications play a vital role in determining the car's efficiency, capabilities, and maintenance needs. They provide insight not only into what the car offers in terms of power and handling but also highlight how Honda managed to create a balanced, economical, and reliable vehicle the 1991 Civic is known for.

Engine Options

The 1991 Honda Civic comes equipped with various engine choices that cater to different driving preferences. The two primary engine options available during this year were the 1.5-liter inline-four engine and the more robust 1.6-liter engine. Each engine offers a unique driving experience which reflects the ingenuity of Honda's engineering.

The 1.5-liter engine produces up to 92 horsepower. It emphasizes fuel efficiency over raw power, appealing to eco-conscious drivers.
The 1.6-liter engine, primarily found in the sportier Si model, delivers about 108 horsepower. This option provides a notable performance enhancement without sacrificing much efficiency.

The availability of these engines showcases Honda's flexibility in addressing the needs of its diverse customer base, making it attractive to both mass-market customers and enthusiasts.

Transmission Systems

Transmission plays an essential role in how the engine performance translates to the wheels. The 1991 Honda Civic offered both a manual and an automatic transmission option which varied based on the model and trim.

Five-speed manual transmission: Favored by purists, this transmission offers more control to the driver. The precision felt through a manual shifter adds to the engaging experience typical among car enthusiasts.
Four-speed automatic transmission: This option offers easier operation for those looking for comfort, allowing smooth shifts without requiring user engagement.

The presence of these two distinct transmission systems allows drivers to align their experience according to personal preference, be it premium expressiveness or day-to-day ease of driving.

Fuel Efficiency Metrics

Consumer demand for fuel economy has always been significant, and the 1991 Honda Civic performs admirably in this area. Its efficient engine design, combined with lightweight materials, climb to impressive fuel consumption metrics. Real-world tests during this period highlighted a broad range of fuel efficiencies depending on engine and driving conditions:

For the 1.5-liter engine, typical fuel economy hits around 29 miles per gallon (mpg) in the city and about 34 mpg on highways.
The 1.6-liter engine, offering slightly less fuel efficiency, focuses more on performance yet still achieves approximately 26 mpg in the city and 31 mpg on the highway.

In sum, the Civic’s fuel metrics reflect Honda's foresight in prioritizing wagged stability in fuel management while supplying healthy performance.

The optimal blend of engine variety and fuel-saving capabilities established the 1991 Honda Civic as a practical choice in its era, appealing to both incredibly diverse demands obliterating basic consumer expectations.

By knowing the technical specifications, potential buyers and enthusiasts can appreciate how these features work in tandem. Going further, these specifications not only dictate the driving experience but also enhance the long-term value and reliability that have become synonymous with the Honda Civic legacy.

Performance Analysis

Importance of Performance Analysis

Performance analysis is a significant aspect of understanding the 1991 Honda Civic. This section focuses on how the vehicle delivers in terms of both driver experience and engineering excellence. Performance elements determine how the car responds to various driving conditions, comfort levels, and overall consumer satisfaction. Thus, an in-depth evaluation provides valuable insights for enthusiasts and potential owners, emphasizing how this model holds up in an ever-competitive automotive landscape.

On-Road Experience

The on-road experience of the 1991 Honda Civic is shaped by various technical and design features that enhance driving comfort and practicality. Equipped with a variety of engine options, drivers have a choice between different performance attributes.

The base engine is the 1.5-liter inline-four, providing adequate thrust for city driving while being gentle on the wallet when it comes to fuel consumption. For those seeking a bit more excitement, there is the optional 1.6-liter engine in the Si variant. This model is designed for those who enjoy a sportier feel without compromising daily usability.

Some noted highlights of the on-road experience include:

Responsive acceleration, especially in models equipped with a five-speed manual transmission
Smooth gear shifting that ensures seamless power delivery
Good visibility thanks to well-designed windows and mirrors, contributing to overall confidence behind the wheel

Overall, real-world testing suggests that the Civic delivers a commendable on-road experience that appeals to both casual and spirited drivers alike.

Notable An In-Depth Exploration of the 1991 Honda Civic

Handling and Stability

An important feature of any vehicle is its handling and stability. The Civic’s lightweight build contributes significantly to maneuverability and lane stability. Engineers designed the suspension to optimize comfort while maintaining sportier characteristics. Particularly, front struts and a rear double-wishbone setup enhance cornering capabilities without sacrificing ride quality.

Drivers often report an intuitive steering response, pairing with solid chassis controls. This creates a sense of connectedness to the road. Speed on curvy routes is handled with poise, showcasing how well the 1991 Civic is set up for both urban commutes and fun weekend drives.

Factors that contribute to handling and stability include:

Shallow braking functions that offer confidence during braking
Low center of gravity resulting in minimal body roll during turns
Well-tuned suspension that absorbs rough patches effortlessly

Trim Levels and Variants

The trim levels and variants of the 1991 Honda Civic are crucial to understanding its market appeal. These variations represent Honda’s effort to cater to diverse consumer preferences, effectively making the Civic a versatile option for a wide segment of car buyers. The choices available were not just about aesthetics or features; they reflect Honda’s strategy for meeting specific needs while maintaining affordability and reliability. By offering different trims, Honda ensured that buyers could select a model that aligns with both their financial constraints and desired features.

and Variants

The DX and LX variants of the 1991 Honda Civic played a significant role in this model line.

DX Variants: The DX, positioned as the more basic, entry-level option, provided a practical choice for budget-conscious consumers. It offered essential features such as manual windows, manual door locks, and basic audio systems. However, it still retained core logistical features prized in Honda vehicles, like dependable fuel economy and decent cargo space.
LX Variants: The LX model, being a step up, introduced several enhancements that appealed to more seasoned drivers. It came equipped with added comforts like power windows and locks, an advanced audio system and higher-quality interior materials. This variant balanced budget with the extras that many buyers wanted, oftentimes causing them to receive favorable reviews.

The introduction of multiple trim levels demonstrated Honda's responsiveness to varying customer desires. This flexibility in configuration contributed significantly to the Civic’s reputation as a consumable product while providing sufficient versatility to adapt to individual buyer preferences.

The Si Model

The Si model of the 1991 Honda Civic captured the hearts of enthusiasts and is often seen as a performance icon within its segment. Unlike the DX and LX variants, the Si offered enhanced features and sportier specifications.

The main contributions of the Si model include:

Higher Performance: It came equipped with a more powerful engine, which improved both acceleration and overall drive handling. Car enthusiasts often sought out this variant due to its exciting performance capabilities.
Sporty Design: The Si featured distinct styling elements, including sport seats, unique badging, and body kits. This design appealed directly to younger buyers looking for aesthetics along with performance.
Robust Transmission Options: The Si offered distinct transmission systems that allowed for a more engaging driver experience. A five-speed manual transmission was highly favored among sports driving fanatics for its direct connection between driver input and vehicle response.

The allure of the Si model lay within its performance potential, distinguished features, and appeal among a younger demographic of drivers. In an automotive landscape where style and handling are critical, the Si has left a vibrant mark within Honda's broader motor history.

"The variants of the 1991 Honda Civic showcased a blend of practicality, value, and performance, establishing the Civic as a car that could be tailored to the preferences of many."

The clear definition within trim levels ensured that Honda could reach a broader audience, reinforcing Civic's status not just as a vehicle, but also as a reflection of different lifestyles, preferences, and user needs.

Market Impact

The 1991 Honda Civic plays a significant role in understanding the automotive landscape of its era. Many elements reveal its market impact. A vehicle's influence extends beyond mere sales figures, impacting consumer culture, brand reputation, and the direction of automotive designs.

Sales Data and Trends

The sales data of the 1991 Honda Civic illustrates its position as a preferred choice among consumers. In 1991, the Civic peaked with over 350,000 units sold in the United States alone. This success was due to various factors, including Honda's reputation for reliability and fuel efficiency. Sales trends indicate that the Civic was a top contender amongst compact cars during this time.

Some key points regarding sales data include:

Consistent increase in sales throughout the early '90s.
Strong competition but a maintained lead due to features and quality.
Market positioning that appealed to budget-conscious drivers while offering advanced features.

The consistent sales of the 1991 Honda Civic not only showcase strong consumer trust but also highlight Honda’s progressive approach to automotive design and engineering.

Competitors in the Segment

The compact car segment was competitive in the early 1990s, with several manufacturers vying for consumer attention. Key competitors included the Toyota Corolla, Nissan Sentra, and Ford Escort. Each of these models presented their own merits and features, yet the Civic emerged as a leader.

Key competitors include:

Toyota Corolla: Noted for its dependability and simplicity. A family favorite, though sometimes deemed bland.
Nissan Sentra: Offered a good fuel economy and functionality but didn't match the Civic's popularity.
Ford Escort: Targeted more youthful buyers with its sporty angles, but suffered from reliability perceptions.

The 1991 Honda Civic managed to balance performance, comfort, and fuel efficiency in a compact package. This combination of internal factors initially appealed to buyers who were making choices based on value. It ultimately positioned Honda as not just a manufacturer of cars, but as a brand that resonates with a culture valuing durable and efficient vehicles.__

This understanding of market dynamics gives potential buyers valuable insights into the Civic’s legacy and efficiency. Understanding these pieces can further aid car enthusiasts, collectors, and potential buyers in evaluating the long-term value of owning a 1991 Honda Civic.

Cultural Significance

The 1991 Honda Civic holds substantial cultural value, transcending merely being a vehicle. It became a symbol of reliability and practicality in the early 90s car market. This model not only impressed buyers with its compactness but also its fuel efficiency and distinctive design. The Civic’s impact has influenced automotive trends and consumer expectations in meaningful ways.

The Honda Civic in Media

Over the years, the Honda Civic has made prominent appearances in various media, reinforcing its image within popular culture. It has been featured in movies, television shows, and video games. Its role often reflects lifestyle choices and the quest for individuality among youth. For example, films such as The Fast and the Furious prominently feature modified Civics, showcasing the relationship between the car and car culture.

The portrayal of the Honda Civic often emphasizes values like affordability and customization, appealing to a younger demographic. Advertising campaigns further solidified its position as a practical yet stylish choice in urban settings, allowing owners to express their personalities through modifications. Websites like reddit.com discuss countless stories about Civics from fans and owners, highlighting the car's enduring popularity.

An In-Depth Exploration of the 1991 Honda Civic Summary

Influence on Modifications and Tuning

The 1991 Honda Civic acts as a foundational choice for tuning enthusiasts. It was in this period that automotive enthusiasts began to see the Civic as a blank canvas—a platform ripe for modifications. Its lightweight build and accessible engine components made it a prime candidate for various upgrades, from performance enhancements to aesthetic changes. Modifications to suspensions, exhaust systems, and intakes became extremely popular.

Furthermore, the availability of aftermarket parts fueled a growing culture focused on performance and aesthetics. This transformation led to the establishment of communities dedicated to Civic modifications. Today, clubs and forums like those found on facebook.com bring enthusiasts together, sharing tips, parts, and achievements gained through such projects.

Here are several reasons for the Civics' appeal in modifications:

Affordability of Parts: Replacement and aftermarket parts remain reasonably prices, promoting experimentation.
Diverse Community Support: Availability of resources, from detailed documentation to forums for guidance.
Variety of Customization Options: Modifications range widely from simple cosmetic upgrades to extensive performance alterations.

As a scoop, those who modify their 1991 Civics often join a tight-knit community where they share not just their cars but also their stories, ambitions, and dreams in automotive culture.

In the intersection of affordability and individuality, the 1991 Honda Civic's influence is comprehensive and far-reaching, playing a role in shaping not just personal choices but larger automotive trends.

It symbolizes freedom of expression and passion for the automotive lifestyle, making the Honda Civic not just a car, but a movement in the automotive world.

Modern-Day Relevance

The 1991 Honda Civic continues to command attention in the automotive arena due to its enduring design, engineering, and cultural significance. Even decades after its release, this model holds importance for both car enthusiasts and everyday drivers. The Civic is not just a relic of the past; it has evolved into a vehicle that remains relevant in today's market.

As we look at the current ownership experience, it's evident that the 1991 Honda Civic provides ample opportunities for personalization and customization. Owners appreciate the balance between economy and maintainability. Many users enjoy working on their Civics, feeling empowered by its design and accessibility. Parts for these vehicles can often be found readily, which makes repairs and restorations much easier. Additionally, there is a robust community of owners that share tips and experiences, making ownership a shared journey.

Current Ownership Experience

Owning a 1991 Honda Civic is an experience that blends nostalgia with practical advantages. Enthusiasts often report satisfaction with their vehicles due to several reasons:

Affordability: This model is often priced within a range that is accessible to various buyers. It allows first-time car owners and students to make sensible choices without financial strain.
Simplicity: With fewer complex electronic systems, repairs can be simpler than those found in modern cars. This also means that mechanics are comfortable working on these vehicles.
Community: Being part of an active community is a clear perk. Websites like reddit.com and various Facebook groups provide platforms for sharing knowledge, advice, and camaraderie among enthusiasts.

The preference for manual transmissions is also noteworthy. Many owners appreciate feeling more connected to the driving experience, which lessens the distance between the driver and vehicle. Though time has introduced new concepts and technologies, this model keeps drivers coming back for an emotive connection that new cars often lack.

Market Value and Collectibility

The market value of the 1991 Honda Civic provides fascinating insights into its collectibility. Various factors contribute to its increasing desirability among collectors:

Classic Status: As cars age, they become sought after for their vintage appeal. The first generation of Civics has established a place among classic vehicles, and the 1991 model is no exception.
Restoration Potential: Much of Honda's manufacturing emphasizes durability. Even poorly maintained models can be transformed through restoration. Buyers look for well-loved models, often featuring enhancements like upgraded suspensions or aesthetic modifications.
Understated Style: The design of the Civic has a timeless quality. Its sleek lines and functional interiors showcase Honda's commitment to practical, stylish elements.

Thus, the Civic often appears in listings and sales, further cementing its place in the collector car community. Prices tend to vary and can even spike when vehicles own rare trim levels or have undergone significant restoration.

One consistent observation in the collectors' market is that originality greatly influences value. Cars with complete history and records tend to fetch higher prices under the scrutiny of collector communities.

Maintenance Guidelines

Maintaining a vehicle like the 1991 Honda Civic is crucial for its longevity and reliability. Proper maintenance ensures the car operates smoothly and retains its value over time. Good upkeep can prevent minor issues from evolving into major repair needs. It optimizes fuel efficiency and can even enhance performance. For enthusiasts and potential buyers alike, understanding the maintenance practices will provide a clear picture of ownership experiences. This section will cover two main areas: routine maintenance practices and common repairs and issues.

Routine Maintenance Practices

Routine maintenance involves the day-to-day tasks that keep the Civic in good condition. Regular checks can catch potential problems before they escalate. Some essential practices for the 1991 Honda Civic include:

Oil Changes: Change the oil every 3,000 to 5,000 miles to ensure the engine runs smoothly. Using the right oil type is essential.
Fluid Checks: Regularly inspect fluids including brake fluid, transmission fluid, and coolant. Low levels can indicate leaks or other issues.
Tire Maintenance: Check tire pressure monthly and rotate the tires every 6,000 miles. This promotes even wear and extends tire life.
Brake Inspections: Inspect brake pads and rotors at least twice a year. Worn brakes can lead to safety issues and more expensive repairs.
Air Filter Replacement: Change the engine air filter every 15,000 miles. A clean filter improves engine efficiency and performance.
Spark Plug Checks: Inspect and replace spark plugs as per recommended intervals. This ensures optimal combustion and fuel efficiency.

Fueling these tasks contributes not only to the car's performance but also to the driver's peace of mind. Routine checks can help diagnose underlying problems with the engine or other systems in advance.

Common Repairs and Issues

With age, all vehicles, including the 1991 Honda Civic, can face certain repair issues. Some common problems include:

Rust Formation: Especially in older models, rust can impact the body and chassis. Regular washing and rustproofing help mitigate this.
Suspension Wear: Struts and shocks may wear out, affecting ride quality. Regular inspections can reveal any significant wear.
Electrical Issues: Older wiring harnesses may develop faults. Faulty connections can lead to various electrical failures.
Timing Belt Replacement: The timing belt should be replaced every 60,000 to 100,000 miles. A failure can severely damage the engine.

"Regular maintenance not only prolongs the life of your vehicle, but also enhances its resale value.”

Being aware of these typical issues allows owners to be proactive rather than reactive, ultimately saving on repair costs. Schedule regular evaluations and prioritize significant fixes to ensure the Honda Civic remains reliable.

Ending

The discussion surrounding the 1991 Honda Civic holds significant relevance not just historically but also for contemporary petrolheads and potential car buyers. Understanding its design, specifications, and how it remains applicable today provides valuable insights into an iconic vehicle era.

Final Thoughts on the Honda Civic

The 1991 Honda Civic was not merely a car; it was a cultural milestone. Its introduction coincided with growing environmental awareness and the need for efficient, affordable transportation. As we analyze its impact and design, several key points come to light:

Innovative design decisions elevated the Civic within the compact car category, placing emphasis on functionality without sacrificing style.
Variety of engine options showcased Honda's commitment to consumer choices and performance; matched with practical fuel efficiency metrics.
Engaged youthful demographics, often embracing vehicle modifications. The Civic's versatility became its allure, transforming it into a platform for personal expression.

Reflecting on the 1991 Honda Civic brings forward appreciation for automotive engineering principles evolved over decades. It is more than just a mode of transport; it became a vital part of automotive culture, often representing freedom and independence. Enthusiasts recognize it as a canvas for creativity, whether in racing or personalization.

"The Honda Civic, beyond functionalities, symbolizes a connectivity with communities and identities in automotive landscapes."

Understanding these elements not only honors the Civic's legacy but also guides future car buyers toward informed choices while navigating the market.

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